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建设清单
AI 数据中心是如何建成的
假设你正在围绕NVIDIA GPU构建一个园区。以下是你需要采购的每个组件、实际制造商,以及在第一个token产生之前需要安装的软件——每个名称均链接至对应记录。
从头到尾读完本页,你就跟完了一条真实的采购链:芯片 → 板卡 → 机架 → 线缆 → 冷却 → 电力 → 软件 → 模型。这条路径适用于任何加速器——换掉第一个环节,其余部分几乎不变。
1 GPU 本身就是一条供应链
"一块NVIDIA GPU"实际上是来自五个国家的零部件组合。NVIDIA负责设计和软件开发,几乎所有实体部件均由其他厂商制造。
完整规格表: B200 · GB200 · 或在对应记录页面追溯任意芯片的完整供应链。
2 服务器与机架
GPU 以整机系统形式交付。在 Blackwell 规模下,机架本身即为产品:18 个计算托盘、9 个交换托盘、一根铜质主干。
4 散热——以及为何它决定了格局
概览
选址信号:
冷却是数据中心历史上选址于河流湖泊附近的原因(蒸发式冷却设计),也是新一代封闭循环冷却系统得以转而在干旱地区追逐廉价电力的原因。选址人员正是通过这些特征——水权、高压走廊、光纤路线、凉爽气候——从地图上识别出数据中心园区。
学习:数据中心选址何处,原因何在 →
6 您安装的软件
机架到货时只是金属框架。以下是完整技术栈的组装顺序——没错,第一步从 Linux 开始。
操作系统
Linux
几乎全球所有 AI 服务器都在运行它——Ubuntu、RHEL 或超大规模云厂商的自研版本
学习:前沿模型如何完成训练 → · 按下回车键后发生了什么 →
巨头内部:同一问题,六种答案
上层的每家厂商都向下层销售——但每个大型构建方对技术栈的整合方式各有不同。这些是真实的配置方案,由本数据库其他部分所用的相同记录组装而成。
The vertical integrator
The only player integrated from self-designed silicon to frontier model — no NVIDIA required anywhere in Gemini's path.
算力
TPU v7 Ironwood Trillium
Its own TPUs — Ironwood for the inference era, Trillium in volume — plus NVIDIA GPUs rented out to Cloud customers.
互联架构
TPU pods Optics
3D-torus inter-chip links reconfigured by in-house optical circuit switches; the Jupiter network carries the data center.
机架与系统
TPU pods
Self-designed: the 9,216-chip pod, not the server, is the unit of hardware.
散热
Direct-to-chip
Direct liquid cooling on TPU pods since 2018 — the earliest big liquid fleet.
电力
Kairos fleet Nuclear
A giant renewables book, the first corporate SMR fleet order, and restart interest.
软件
JAX XLA
Linux + Borg orchestration underneath; JAX and XLA compile straight to TPU.
The alliance at NVIDIA scale
The biggest NVIDIA buyer builds 'AI factories' for its partner's models — with its own silicon waiting in the wings.
算力
GB200 H100 Maia 100
Frontier NVIDIA fleets — GB200 today atop huge H100 estates — with in-house Maia 100 in supporting roles.
互联架构
InfiniBand
The world's largest InfiniBand deployments, flat networks spanning whole sites.
The speed record
The existence proof that a frontier cluster can be improvised in months — factory shell, gas turbines, batteries and all.
算力
H100 H200
~100,000 H100s in 122 days, doubled since; GB200-class capacity at Colossus 2.
互联架构
Spectrum-X
The flagship Spectrum-X Ethernet deployment — NVIDIA networking without InfiniBand.
机架与系统
Supermicro Dell
Supermicro and Dell liquid-cooled systems, delivered at sprint pace.
散热
Direct-to-chip
Direct liquid throughout — the density made air a non-starter on day one.
电力
Gas turbines Colossus
On-site gas turbines bridging the grid queue, Tesla Megapacks smoothing training spikes.
软件
CUDA
A lean in-house training stack on Linux and CUDA — small team, big machine.
模型与站点
Grok 4 Colossus
Grok 3 and 4 trained at Colossus; Grok ships inside X.
The custom-silicon bet
The clearest test of whether a hyperscaler's own chips can carry a frontier lab — half a million Trainiums and counting.
算力
Trainium2 UltraServer
Trainium2 UltraServers at Project Rainier scale, beside NVIDIA fleets for customers.
互联架构
UltraServer
NeuronLink inside the UltraServer; AWS's own EFA networking and Nitro offload beyond it.
机架与系统
Annapurna/AWS
Annapurna-designed, self-integrated — the cloud primitive as the building block.
散热
Direct-to-chip
Liquid-and-air mix tuned per hall across the Rainier sites.
电力
Susquehanna X-energy
Nuclear at Susquehanna, X-energy SMR backing, and the largest corporate renewables book.
软件
PyTorch vLLM
The Neuron SDK is the whole ballgame — porting the open stack to its own silicon.
The embodied-AI factory
Trains on video from millions of cars, ships the result back to them — with its own batteries steadying its own cluster.
算力
H100 Cortex
The ~50,000-GPU Cortex cluster at Giga Texas; Dojo wound down for AI5/AI6 chips.
互联架构
800G optics
Ethernet-fabric clusters sized for video-scale data ingest.
机架与系统
Supermicro
Supermicro and Dell systems, plus purpose-built data-hall extensions of the factory.
散热
Direct-to-chip
A dedicated liquid-cooling plant built alongside the cluster.
电力
Gas turbines
Grid supply buffered by its own Megapacks — the manufacturer as its own customer.
软件
PyTorch
Vision-only training pipeline on PyTorch; models compile down to the car's FSD computer.
模型与站点
Tesla FSD Samsung
FSD v13+ ships over the air; AI5/AI6 silicon comes from Samsung and TSMC.
Annapurna自主设计、自主集成——以云原语作为基础构建模块。
完整关注列表 →
挑战者芯片、2026–27 平台代际、光子互连、核能浪潮,以及超越 Transformer 的架构押注——均在观察列表中附有状态标签持续追踪。