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Benchmarks are how this industry keeps score, and their life cycle is always the same: introduced, conquered, retired. The interesting question on each record isn't the current leader — it's how fast the test went from impossible to saturated.

Start with these three

ML MLPerf The only audited apples-to-apples numbers in AI hardware. SB SWE-bench Verified Real GitHub issues — the yardstick of the coding-agent era. AA ARC-AGI Built to resist memorization; broke anyway. Then rebuilt harder.

Hardware & systems benchmarks

2
ML MLPerf The industry's referee for AI hardware — training and inference rounds. TO TOP500 The supercomputer league table since 1993 — now measuring the public sector's slice.

Model capability benchmarks

10
SB SWE-bench Verified Real GitHub issues, real repos — the coding-agent standard. A( AIME (Competition Math) Olympiad-track problems — where reasoning models showed their jump. AA ARC-AGI Chollet's abstraction puzzles — designed to resist everything but intelligence. FR FrontierMath Research-grade mathematics — built unsolvable, already yielding. GD GPQA Diamond Google-proof PhD science questions — the reasoning era's exam. H& HumanEval & GSM8K The retired classics of coding and grade-school math. HL Humanity's Last Exam 2,500 expert questions with a deliberately final name. L( LMArena (Chatbot Arena) Millions of blind human votes — preference as a leaderboard. M& MMLU & MMLU-Pro The default knowledge exam of 2020–24 — now saturated. MT MTEB The embedding leaderboard behind every retrieval stack.