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Challenger siliconThe next platform generationNew fabrics, memory and lightNew powerBeyond the transformer

Challenger silicon

8

Shipping or credible alternatives to the incumbent GPUs — each betting on a different corner of the workload.

CW Cerebras WSE-3Wafer-scale compute with tokens-per-second records — and an IPO on file. Spedizione Chip GL Groq LPUDeterministic inference at famous speed; Saudi-scale deployment deals. Spedizione Chip ES Etched SohuThe all-in transformer ASIC — if it ships, the specialization era begins. In sviluppo Chip DM d-Matrix CorsairIn-memory compute aimed at cheap interactive serving. In espansione Chip FR FuriosaAI RNGD150 W LLM inference; turned down Meta to stay independent. In espansione Chip RR Rebellions REBELKorea's merged champion, fabbed by Samsung. In sviluppo Chip TB Tenstorrent BlackholeJim Keller's open RISC-V stack, sold and licensed. Spedizione Chip QC Qualcomm Cloud AI / AI200Mobile-silicon economics re-entering the rack in 2026. Annunciato Chip

The next platform generation

5

Already announced, already contracted — the hardware the 2026–27 buildout will install.

NR NVIDIA RubinHBM4, the Vera CPU, NVL144 racks — the incumbent's next lap. In espansione Chip NR NVIDIA Rubin CPXA cheaper GDDR7 chip just for long-context prefill — inference splits in two. Annunciato Chip AI AMD Instinct MI400 / MI450432 GB of HBM4 and the OpenAI 6 GW deal riding on it. In espansione Chip AT AWS Trainium33 nm and a claimed 4x — the custom-silicon bet compounds. Annunciato Chip GT Google TPU v7 (Ironwood)9,216-chip pods for the inference age, with Anthropic as anchor. In espansione Chip

New fabrics, memory and light

7

The interconnect and memory transitions that decide whether open ecosystems can match proprietary racks.

UA UALinkThe open answer to NVLink — 1,024 accelerators per pod, everyone-but-NVIDIA. Tecnologia UE Ultra EthernetEthernet rebuilt for AI; spec 1.0 shipped, silicon arriving. Tecnologia CP Co-Packaged OpticsLight moves onto the switch package; ~3x interconnect efficiency. Tecnologia LI LightmatterPhotonic interposers — light inside the package itself. Azienda CA Celestial AIOptical links to disaggregated memory — an exit from the HBM wall. Azienda HB HBM42,048-bit interfaces and foundry logic dies; memory and logic start merging. Tecnologia CX CXLPooled memory over PCIe wiring — slow burn, big if it lands. Tecnologia

New power

7

The generation wave AI money is financing — targets, not certainties, and labeled as such.

SM Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)Factory-built reactors sized for campuses; every date is a target. Tecnologia OK OkloFast reactors with a 12 GW Switch framework and a build-own-operate model. Azienda XE X-energyAmazon-backed pebble-bed reactors targeting ~2030. Azienda KH Kairos Hermes / Google FleetGoogle's 500 MW fleet order — first Gen IV construction permits in the US. Under construction (demo) Progetto energetico TN TerraPower Natrium (Kemmerer)The furthest-along advanced reactor build in America. In costruzione Progetto energetico FC Fuel CellsBloom-style bridge power while the grid queue clears. Tecnologia HC Homer City Energy Campus4.5 GW of gas-for-AI on a demolished coal site — the biggest such plan. Annunciato Progetto energetico

Beyond the transformer

5

Architecture bets that would redraw the hardware map if they win.

SS State-Space Models (Mamba)Linear-time sequence models — production hybrids already ship. Concetto WM World ModelsLearning reality's dynamics, not just text — DeepMind, NVIDIA and World Labs all in. Concetto M( Marble (World Labs)Fei-Fei Li's spatial-intelligence bet, now a product. Corrente Modello AI G3 Genie 3Playable generated worlds — training grounds for agents and robots. Corrente Modello AI TT Test-time Compute & ReasoningThe scaling axis that already rewrote inference demand once. Concetto

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