Direct-to-Chip Liquid Cooling
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Cold plates on every die — mandatory at Blackwell rack densities.
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Direct-to-chip cooling pumps treated water through cold plates bolted onto GPUs, CPUs and switches, then rejects heat through rack manifolds and coolant distribution units. GB200 NVL72 made it mandatory at the frontier: roughly 1.5-2x the heat per rack that air can practically remove, at far better efficiency. The retrofit and new-build wave behind it powers Vertiv, CoolIT, Boyd, Motivair and peers.
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