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Field notes

If you learn one hardware lesson from this whole site, make it this one: AI performance is usually decided by memory, not compute. Three companies make the memory that matters, it's been sold out for years, and every GPU roadmap on this site bends around it.

Start with these three

HB High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Read this first. Stacked memory is why modern AI chips work at all. HB HBM4 The 2026 generation — wider, faster, and already spoken for. SK hynix The quiet winner of the entire AI boom.

Memory technologies

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HB High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) Stacked DRAM wired straight to the GPU — the scarcest commodity in AI. HB HBM3E The 2024–26 workhorse: up to 36 GB per stack in 12-high form. HB HBM4 2026's generation: a 2,048-bit interface and logic-die base from the foundries. CX CXL Compute Express Link: pooled and expanded memory over PCIe wiring. D& DDR5 & LPDDR5X The system memory feeding CPUs — and, via Grace, the GPUs too. GD GDDR7 Graphics memory conscripted for cost-efficient inference. HB HBM2 The 2016–2020 generation that powered V100 and A100-40GB. HB HBM2E The refined HBM2 behind A100-80GB, Gaudi and Maia. HB HBM3 The H100/MI300X generation: ~0.8 TB/s per stack.

Memory suppliers

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SH SK hynix The HBM leader — NVIDIA's primary memory supplier through the boom. 000660.KS Samsung Electronics Memory giant and foundry challenger, fighting back for HBM share. 005930.KS Micron Technology America's memory maker, sold out of HBM generations in advance. MU