Huawei ☆

Cut off from TSMC and US technology, Huawei built a domestic stack: HiSilicon Ascend accelerators made at SMIC, the CloudMatrix 384 rack system that trades power for scale, the MindSpore/CANN software layer, and even domestic HBM efforts. It is the center of gravity of China's AI hardware substitution — and the explicit target of successive US export-control rounds.